Definition and Observations of Phonetics

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols. Adjective: phonetic.  Pronounced [fah-NET-iks].  From the Greek, sound, voice A linguist who specializes in phonetics is known as a phonetician. As discussed below, the boundaries between the disciplines of phonetics and phonology arent always sharply defined. Examples and Observations of Phonetics Linguistics contributes to phonetics its phonological understanding of the distinctive patterns that make up the coded, conventional aspects of speech which differentiate individual words and other units of spoken language. Phonetics contributes to linguistics its phonetic understanding of the production and perception of the detailed artefacts of speech that embody those significant phonological patterns. Each contribution is complemented by the other. The Study of Phonemes In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; for example, the vowels in the words pin and pen are different phonemes, and so are the consonants at the beginning of the words pet and bet. Because of the notoriously confusing nature of English spelling, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet; one must be aware, for example, that the word enough begins with the same vowel phoneme as that at the beginning of inept and ends with the same consonant as stuff. Phonetics and the Brain Until recently, we knew little about what is going on in the brain when people are speaking, and this is why the science of phonetics has concentrated on the three central components of the speech chain, where observation of what is going on is fairly straightforward. However, our understanding of how the brain works in speech communications has grown enormously in recent years. One of the most significant advances in recent research has been the development of safe and accurate brain-scanning techniques that can show us the activities of different parts of the brain when someone is speaking or listening to speech... Experimental Phonetics Phonetics is the study of speech. Traditionally, phoneticians have relied on their ears and eyes, and their awareness of their own vocal organs, to study pronunciation. Increasingly, however, they have been using instruments of various types to supplement the information they derive from their own sensations. Experimental phonetics, as the term is commonly used, includes any investigation of speech by means of instruments. It is understood here that the instruments are used to visualize some aspect of the speech event, and possibly also to provide a basis for measurements. For example, a tape recording for the purpose of repeated listening does not fall within the scope of experimental phonetics, but if the tape recording is fed into a computer and used to produce an acoustic analysis, the activity would be described as an experimental investigation. The Phonetics-Phonology Interface Phonetics interfaces with phonology in three ways. First, phonetics defines distinctive features. Second, phonetics explains many phonological patterns. These two interfaces constitute what has come to be called the substantive grounding of phonology. Sources John Laver, Linguistic Phonetics.  The Handbook of Linguistics, ed.  by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. Blackwell, 2001Peter Roach,  English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009(Peter Roach,  Phonetics. Oxford University Press, 2001)Katrina Hayward,  Experimental Phonetics: An Introduction. Routledge, 2014

Child Abuse And Child Molestation - 3789 Words

Massant 1 Massant 12 Daniel Massant, Mr. Wilson English 4 Honor 03/014/17 Child abuse And Child Molestation Thesis Statement A lot of people may question how a person can abuse a child. I on the other hand also am one of those people who actually ask how so many good people can just sit there and not do anything about child abuse and molestation. Child molestation and abuse is not something that is new, on quite the contrary it has been around for many generations. An example of this would be the 13 year old female child known to everyone as Genie. The abuse, neglect, and isolation that this girl endured was so severe, it became known as the United States worst case of child abuse. Not only that, but her existence left a huge mark on†¦show more content†¦Preventative techniques and penalties that should be applied Take sensible precautions about whom you choose to take care of your children, Penalties that child abuse and child molestation should get life sentencing, and they also should be register as a lifetime sexual offender, Set and respect physical boundaries Talk with children, and listen t o what they have to say you should also Encourage children to also respect themselves and others. Set clear guidelines and keep careful eye on children’s Internet and video game use and the TV shows and movies they watch, stay aware of how children are interacting with one another. We live on this earth where many children’s from 0-14 are being abuse and molest, child abuse and child molestation are one of the most sick things adult and people should not do to their child or anybody else child Spanking is a formal way which parents use to discipline their child. Usually spanking is basically hitting the child using the palm of your hands on the behind. Sometimes parents go too far. They don’t believe that they are doing anything bad. Don’t get me wrong parental discipline is nothing bad because you’re because you are basically trying to better your child. But from my perspective parents should not spank their child because sometimes parents go further than just spanking and next thing you know it’s not discipline anymore it leads to abuse. To begin with, Parents sometime misunderstand parental disciplineShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Child Molestation1967 Words   |  8 Pages Child abuse and child molestation are two very thoroughly discussed topics, especially in today s society. Prevention of any kind is needed greatly, and needed as soon as possible. There are many and many prevention possibilities that could be done, the worst part about all of this is people are more selfish and don’t stand up for anything they intend to stand up for. Penalties that are given in a situation like this one should be, since the parents may think they have all the right in the worldRead MoreChild Abuse And Molestation Of A Victim Statistic4356 Words   |  18 Pages Child Abuse and Molestation By Elaine Outar English IV Honors Mr. Wilson Period 6 March 14, 2017 â€Å"I carried this with me for decades. And then I decided to become a Warrior instead of a victim statistic. I broke the cycle† (Unknown). Child abuse is the harming of a child that causes extreme injury, emotional instability, or even death. Neglect is a form of child abuse where a parent does not provide the proper care that a child needs to successfully grow and develop. Child molestationRead MoreChild Molestation Informative Speech845 Words   |  4 Pages Child Molestation Outline General Function: To Inform Specific Purpose: After my speech my audience will know what child molestation is, the road to recovery, and the obstacles along the way. Central Idea (Thesis Statement): Most people fear the fact’s of child molestation, but the truth is there is a very distinct definition to child molestation, severe effects to the child in the aftermath, and a long road to a successful recovery. Pattern of organization: Topical Outline: I. IntroductionRead MoreThe Causation Of Child Molestation1322 Words   |  6 Pages Causation of Child Molestation There are several different types of abuse, from sexual abuse to verbal abuse etc. Many happen within our own homes and the act is very unnoticeable. People being sexually attracted to children used to account for a very small percentage of people. However, as time continues more child sexual offenders are being reported. As time continues more children are facing the experience of being molested. Child sexual abuse faced not only in the United StatesRead MoreChild Molestation And Its Effect On Children1638 Words   |  7 Pagesaware of the nature of the crime or offense. One of the most traumatizing experiences that a child can ever encounter in their adolescent life is sexual abuse. Child molestation has been inflicted on many children throughout history and most will agree that it is a harmful and despicable act, however do we know why it occurs? Do we know what causes child sexual abuse and does it have the same effect on every child? Are some children even aware of the fact th at they are being victimized? There are manyRead MoreShould Convicted Male Child Molesters Be Physically Castrated1140 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice system is faced with the hard task of deciding on the correct punishment for the convicted offenders. One option of punishment for a male child molester is to have them physically castrated. Convicted male child molesters should most certainly receive strong punishment, but physical castration should be reserved for the worst cases of sexual abuse. In one case of sexual assault, a New Jersey man named Jesse Timmendequas lured seven year old Megan Kanka into his home on July 29, 1994 with promisesRead MoreThe Legal Repercussions Of Child Abuse1112 Words   |  5 PagesChild abuse. A term that most of us believe to be aware of, but one ought to wonder, are we really aware of it? how one recognises child abuse ?, What are the legal repercussions of child abuse ? How common is it in countries less developed? Is it common in the United States? Does it intervene with â€Å"old style† parenting? What entities provide such information? Well before answering any of this question is imperative to acknowledge the very basic of such topic. The webpage Childabuse.org (a governmentalRead MoreChild Molestation Is the Most Horrible Crime an Adult Can Commit1466 Words   |  6 PagesChild molestation is the most horrible crime an adult can commit. I believe this type of crime does more psychological damage to its victims than any other type of crime. Who are child sex offenders? Do they look like monsters? The fact is a child sex offender can be anyone. A child molester is often a person the victims parents or the victims think they can trust. The devastation these people cause their victims is tragic. Their victims are certain to suffer a lifetime of emotional trauma. Read MoreDomestic Violence Problem Question Paper Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages Domestic violence has occurred between John and Linda. Domestic violence is defined as â€Å"any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse† I would advise Linda to rely on The Family Homes and Domestic (Northern Ireland) Order 1998, to seek a non-molestation order (NMO) and Occupation Order against John simultaneously. 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Pricing Strategy of the Samsung and Apple Get a Complete Solution

Question: Discuss about the Pricing Strategy of the Samsung and Apple. Answer: Impact of market segmentation on the pricing strategy of the Samsung and Apple Price plays an important role in the success of any company. The segmentation strategy by Samsung has put an augmented focus on the different characteristic of the customers in a particular region. The main targeted group of Samsung is the middle class people, business professionals and the teenagers. Moreover, product development is one of the most important growth strategies which is followed by Samsung. As the main customers segments of Samsung are the middle aged customers, so the company has set the price of Samsung galaxy S8 in such a way so that the consumers can purchase it and they will also get all the facilities at a cheaper cost compared to iphone. The Galaxy S8 of Samsung is especially made for the IT departments and the businessmen and they can do all their work and thus make their life easier. Samsung galaxy S8 has tried to blend the consumer and the business feature in one device (Dissanayake Amarasuriya, 2015). On the other hand, Apples iphone 8 is targeting the hig her end of the market. Apple is targeting the premium customer segments and the price of iphone8 is higher compared to Samsung S8. Apples strategy is that its old phones are also sold at a much higher price. This is not true in case of Samsung and other brands. This was an important reason for the high pricing strategy of Apple. Moreover, iphone has two growth opportunities i.e. the price sensitive customers and the unsubsidized market and this has helped the company to set the price accordingly (Truong et al., 2017). Thus, it can be said that market segmentation lays an important impact on the pricing strategy of the company. Branding strategy followed by Samsung and Apple Apple Inc. has used the Apple brand to compete in the highly competitive market. Apple has expanded its products range and services. iPhone has used the augmented reality feature and this has helped to revolutionize the customer experience. This technology used in iPhone 8 has pretended to present objects like real situations. Moreover, the augmented reality is also presented by iPhone in different ways and it depends on the need of the people (Blenko, et al., 2016). Although iPhone has invested in augmented reality and it is attracting the customers but the process is costly and time consuming. The consumers are also excited about augmented reality and they were eagerly waiting to go above and beyond and experience things which are not provided in any other phone. The use of augmented reality of Apple iPhone 8 has also changed the way in which the marketers interact with the customers. On the other hand, Samsung is trying to establish itself as the iconic brand since the past two ye ars. The new series of advertisement of Samsung are better than the one-off campaign. Samsung has changed the brandmarketing strategy and thus has impacted every aspect of the company. Samsung has also published various advertisements in the journals and newspaper after the case of Samsung Note 7. This has increased the sales and profitability of the company. Moreover, it has also increased the market share of Samsung and it has won the heart of the customers and thus created a strong customer base for the company (Babayi Rahmani, 2015). Differences between the branding strategy of Samsung and Apple Samsung has suffered severe effects of the Galaxy Note 7 and it has tried hard to capture the market after the introduction of Galaxy S8. Samsung and Apple are powerful brands. Samsung has made major effort to compete with iPhone. Samsung has also published different headlines in the newspaper and themarketing cost incurred by Samsung was higher than Apple. As Apple has targeted only the premium customers, it has published advertisements which would attract the affluent class (Teimouri et al., 2016). Samsung has presented galaxy S8 as a cool brand and this has trickled down to the youngsters. It has tried to resonate the young people in the same way which iPhone has done by making people realize that the brand is good for all. Alhough the brand do not have a strong strategy of connecting with the youth, but it should pay more attention to the young customers who are trying to explore new device in a reasonable price. Moreover, the display of Galaxy S8 is comparatively larger than iPh one 8 but the edge-to-edge design is better in case of Apple. Moreover, Samsung is dominating the US market and Samsung is trying to capture the global market (Chen Ann, 2016). There is stark difference between the two brands because Apple is one of the competent brad and it is accomplished in its endeavor. Whereas Samsung is trying to prove its relevance in the tech culture presently. Thus, it can be said that the company must try tio improve its marketing and branding strategy and expand more globally. References Babayi, M., Rahmani, Z. (2015). The role of localization strategy in development of brand equity: A case study of Samsumg firm.Management Science Letters,5(5), 443-446. Blenko, D., Waldron, K., Cornelius, J., Nespoli, G., Lee, D. (2016). ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS: APPLE RETAIL STORES. Chen, C. M., Ann, B. Y. (2016). Efficiencies vs. importance-performance analysis for the leading smartphone brands of Apple, Samsung and HTC.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,27(3-4), 227-249. Dissanayake, D. M. R., Amarasuriya, T. (2015). Role of brand identity in developing global brands: A literature based review on case comparison between Apple iPhone vs Samsung smartphone brands. Teimouri, H., Fanae, N., Jenab, K., Khoury, S., Moslehpour, S. (2016). Studying the relationship between brand personality and customer loyalty: A case study of Samsung mobile phone.International Journal of Business and Management,11(2), 1. Truong, Y., Klink, R. R., Simmons, G., Grinstein, A., Palmer, M. (2017). Branding strategies for high-technology products: The effects of consumer and product innovativeness.Journal of Business Research,70, 85-91.

The Downfall of Macbeth free essay sample

An analysis of William Shakespeares Macbeth with an examination of the reasons for his demise. This paper discusses Shakespeares use of Macbeth to illustrate the universal theme that a lack of strength of character will lead to ones downfall. Macbeths actions and the motivations behind them are demonstrated with examples from the story and text. Many a great man has fallen prey to greed, ambition and power. Macbeth is no exception. His ambition to control the power of the thrown confuses his judgment. He succumbs first to the prophecies of the three witches and then later, murderously, to his wifes bidding. Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can have on a man who lacks strength of character. Although the play was written in 1600 England, its theme is universal and cares not about time. It is Macbeths lack of character strength that is his demise. We will write a custom essay sample on The Downfall of Macbeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reader is introduced to Macbeth by way of description. A bleeding sergeant meets the good King Duncan and his son, Malcolm. The sergeant tells a tale of the recent battle in which brave Macbeth fought bravely (I.ii.19). At first introduction, Macbeth seems to be the perfect soldier, carving out his passage (I.ii.22). Between meeting the witches and his wifes immoral determination, we are left wondering if Macbeth ever really stood a chance against fate. Perhaps had he not started his crime wave, he might not have ended so horribly and would not have become the tyrannt everyone calls him by the end of the play.

The Struggles of Independent Artists free essay sample

Natheesh The music industry is one of the biggest industries in the world today. With millions of people listening to some of the best singers; music has become a need for people today. There are many genres of music with floods of artists filling them. You have Justin Bieber who leads all singers in the pop category, in fan support. There is also country music, which is led by Taylor Swift. Rap is another big genre, which has many great rappers. Some include Lil Wayne and Eminem. These artists make it hard for independent artists to showcase their talent. Loads of upcoming and current artists make it hard for independent artists to have a successful career. Independent artists have a lot of competition to go through to have a successful career. They need talent in music and they need an interest in the music industry. They need to work hard and overcome the obstacles they face. We will write a custom essay sample on The Struggles of Independent Artists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Independent artists today have many obstacles in getting their music produced and heard; these include financial difficulties, difficulty in getting their music on the radio, and the censorship and banning of their music. The biggest obstacle in an independent artists career is developing it. This is because if they do not have the necessary amount of money needed, they will have no music to sell. Most Independent artists do not spend their money wisely, which results in failure. They either, blow money on unnecessary services, waste time in getting their music published, or simply do not have the amount of money needed to create their music. Ribas Vinny wrote about this topic. He talks about what artists do with their money and he offers ideas for the artists to improve their financial capabilities. Here is what he wrote. Many artists are under-funded and so they can’t purchase the tools they need or hire the help they need. Sometimes this is a result of lack of funds to begin with. Sometimes it is because the available funds are not spent wisely. Successful artists know that they need to constantly invest and reinvest in their act. They establish a budget and stick with it. They raise capital if it is necessary, whether it comes from investors, crowd sourcing, a loan or some sort of enterprising venture. If they are not good at managing their money, they hire someone who is. They do not let money, or the lack of it stop them. (Vinny, 15 Reasons Why Some Indie Artists Fail And Others Succeed). Producing music is extremely expensive also. The more money artists put in their promotion, the more people will listen to their music. Artists need to decide on which path to take. They can either put loads of money in their song, or they can work hard and do many social interactions with future listeners. If they plan on selling an album, it can cost them plenty of money. Bar Scott wrote about how much this can cost. Scott says says she spent up to $54K in bringing her album to the store. Here is what she went through to get her album out. To date, I have spent about $54k on Parachute. That means that I have to sell 5400 units at an average of $10 per CD to break even. It’s worth noting here that I have not gotten paid at all for my part of this project. That will happen when I pay off the investors who invested the 50k that I spent so handily, and the additional 4k I put on my credit card to make up the difference. (Scott, How Much Does it Cost to Make a CD in 2006? ). Although this was published in 2006, the cost to produce an album today, most likely, exceeds the amount Scott talks about. Artists can get an idea of how much it takes to make a album from her article. $54K is extremely difficult to get. Many artists will also feel uncomfortable to use this money, because there is a risk involved. Artists cannot always make their money back. They can get a loss, and lose some of the money they put in. If an artist wants to become successful they would have to take the risk, even if they have some doubts. Artists will have to get their music on the radio to sell their copies, which is an whole other obstacle of its own. Artists also have a difficulty in getting their music played by their local radio stations. Most radio stations play the music that is much more popular. This leaves independent artists in the dust. This is because of the numerous famous artists, crowd the radio stations, leaving no room for the independent artists. Marie Michaels writes in an article that you have to have amazing music just to compete with the major artists. She states reasons why. She says Indies typically have no issues remembering they have to compete against established artists for airplay. If they forget, there will always be someone at a radio station who will remind them. Established artists have the backing of major labels, so their music can be so-so and still get airplay, while an indies good music will be tossed to the reject pile. For an indie to win some much coveted airtime, their music has to outstanding, truly special, not just good. Michaels, Independent Artists: How to Get Radio Airplay). This shows that independent artists have to put all their effort in, even to get consideration, in being on the radio. Another reason why artists can’t get radio airtime is because of Clear Channel. They are the multi-million dollar company that owns the most radio stations. In the Clear Channels Statistic article on S taticsbrain it tells how many stations Clear Channel owns. It says â€Å"Clear Channel is the largest radio station group owner in the United States, both by number of stations and by revenue. The 850 stations reach more than 110 million listeners every week. † If artists get rejected by one radio station owned by Clear Channel, they will probably get rejected by all of Clear Channels other radio stations. So for artists to be successful they need to be accepted by Clear Channel. These radio stations get a load of listeners. If artists are lucky enough to get some time, people who listen to the song and like it, will impulse buy it. So the more radio time they get, the higher more sales they get for their album. Even if they get radio airtime, some artists’ music might get censored. Some songs tend to get banned and censored. This may be because of the views shown in the song or the fact that the song contains loads of violence in it. Most of the music that was banned from the public were songs to do with politics. For example many songs were banned by Clear Channel after 9/11, because A senior executive at giant radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications distributed a memo to all 1300 Clear Channel stations. This memo included a list of 150 songs with inappropriate lyrics. (Feldman Music Thats Been Banned). Some of the songs that were banned include What a Wonderful World, R. E. M’s It’s the End of the World as We Know It, and Kansas Dust in the Wind. This greatly affects independent artists, because their views may not be allowed, o be expressed, because of the restrictions of their music. Another reason why songs may get banned is becuase of violence. They can get banned because of the use of sex, drugs, or profanity. Most songs are even censored. This hurts the artist, because their song may not express its message with the song being censored. Trishool Trident wrote about why Hip-Hop music should not be censored. Hip Hop music has always been controversial. This is often as a result of the sensual beats and explicit lyrics, Hip Hop music claims to be the soul of the street. It signifies how real individuals in the streets speak, walk, behave and live. Hip Hop music is all concerning reality. Real lyrics! Its not regarding social welfare although it will be but to ask a rapper to tone down his reality because it goes against the grain of politically correct society isnt the means to get his attention. This article is regarding freedom of expression in Hip Hop music. (Trident Hip Hop Music Should Not Be Censored). He shares that he thinks rappers should be free to express their feeling. Artists should be able to express their music freely, without other people ruining their message. The obstacle their artists as to face, is the fact they have to change their song to something more appropriate, without ruing the message. Independent artists will have to go through any type of obstacles to be successful; these include money problems, radio airtime, and the restrictions of their music. Artists will have to control their money wisely and take a risk in using it. They would also have to push hard for radio airtime. They should also try and change the restrictions of their music or not let it change the meaning of their music. In any case, the arguments in this essay, can go for anyone doing anything. This is because; the essay states what obstacles the artists have to go through. This can be applied to other people in other industries. It could persuade them to use money wisely, fight for what is right, and to be more completive in what you are doing. People will always face obstacles when trying to become successful. They just have to fight through it and get what they want. WORKS CITED Ribas, Vinny. 15 Reasons Why Some Indie Artists Fail And Others Succeed.   Indie Connect. N. p. , 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://indieconnect. com/15-reasons-indie-artists-fail-succeed/gt;.. Scott, Bar. Article: How Much Does It Cost to Make a CD?   Article: How Much Does It Cost to Make a CD? N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://barscott. com/articles/cost_of_cd. shtmlgt;. Michaels, Marie . Independent Artists: How to Get Radio Airplay (Part One).   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/independent-artists-radio-airplay-part-12048542. tml? cat=3gt;. Feldman, Elliot. Music Thats Been Banned.   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/music-thats-been-banned-482769. html? cat=33gt;. Trident, Trishool. Music Thats Been Banned.   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 08 Mar. 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/music-thats-been-banned-482769. html? cat=33gt;. Clear Channel Company Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. N. p. , 31 July 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. statisticbrain. com/clear-channel-company-statistics/gt;.

Farm Life Essays - Construction, Landscape Architecture, Lawn Care

Farm Life Essays - Construction, Landscape Architecture, Lawn Care Farm Life Farm Life Isnt Easy! Life as a farmer was by no means easy. There were a lot of problems and strains, but it had its good points. The Homestead Act passed in 1862 by Congress gave 160 free acres of prairie land to anyone who would live on it for five years. A lot of farmers also bought land from the Railroad Company so they could be close to the transcontinental railroad tracks, which made transportation better. Though the land was free, the problems nearly outweighed the advantages. The first was housing, which gave people two options. One was the sod house. Strips of sod were plowed and chopped into blocks, then laid down to start the walls. It was layered up, with packing boxes used for doors and windows. The sod was good for insulation in the winter, but they leaked badly in the rain. The second type was the dugout home. They were built exactly as it sounds. A space was dug on a bank or into a hill. Then the opening was covered with a roof of sod. True, people were living underground, but it was good protection. Other problems in the farm life include raging fires on the prairie, hailstorms that pounded down with marble-sized stones, and plagues of grasshoppers. The other strains were emotional, the major one being loneliness. There were miles between families or signs of civilization, and there was no recreation. People became crabby and restless while staying indoors for months at a time in the winter. Very few families could handle this life and moved back east before the five-year period was up. Farm life took a turn for the better with the introduction of four new inventions. The first was barbed wire, which prevented livestock from wandering off and stray animals from wandering across crops. The next was the steel windmill. This brought water up from deep underground and helped to relieve water shortages. Third, the steel plow made possible the growth of larger quantities of crops. Then there was the reaper. It cut and threshed wheat so productivity was much higher. But with these increases in productivity came a higher dependency on banks and railroads. Overall, farm life was difficult. Those who could handle it were strong, both physically and in will. Few who tried it stuck with it. If youre considering this lifestyle, think long and hard whether its worth it. NOTE: this paper was written like a newspaper article from the 1870s Bibliography Jordan, Winthrop; Greenblatt, Miriam; Bowes, John. The Americans: A History. 1994 McDougal, Little & Company, Illinois. pages 425-428.

Preparing a Risk Management Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Preparing a Risk Management Report - Assignment Example The Kotva store has a tiled floor, shelves arranged horizontally to allow for proper stocking of products and furniture made from either glass or wood. Firstly, the tiled floor may be a cause of a tripping incident. If a customer trips and is injured while shopping, they may claim damages from the owner. In addition, if an attendant is washing the floor and a customer trips, the owner may still be liable for the injuries incurred by the customer. In an argument by Ebert & Morrell (2012) if a person is injured while in a premises of another person, they may get compensation from the owner. However, if the person is injured as a result of their mistake the owner may not be found liable (Ebert & Morrell, 2012). It would be also be addressed ad negligence is a customer is harmed by a product purchased from the store. The owner of the store has a responsibility to ensure that the products traded in the store are safe for human consumption or use. For instance, if a customer purchases bread from the Kotva store and get food poisoning, the owner of the store is liable for the injuries. However, if the store owner was provided with false information by the manufacturer about a product, the liability may be shifted to the manufacturer. Deakin, Johnston & Markesinis (2008) assert that negligence can only be valid under tort if a person was falsely provided with information by a third party. The authors further asserts that negligence is only applicable if a person ignore to analyse the information available prior to an incident (Deakin, Johnston & Markesinis, 2008). As stated by the rules in the store, the customer is liable for the damages they incur to the store. For instance, if a customer is accompanied by children and they spill beverages, the customer should pay for the damages. The Kotva store states the rule on its shelves. In addition, the customer may be found liable if they

The use of the internet among the youth fosters social cohesiveness Essay

The use of the internet among the youth fosters social cohesiveness - Essay Example While most of the adult population continues to admonish the youths for their addiction to the internet, the platform creates an effective platform for interaction among the group thus fostering social cohesiveness. The internet among many other telecommunication developments have succeeded in making the world a global village thus overcoming the geographical barriers that had impaired human interactions. The use of the internet in the contemporary society coupled with the use of the social network sites such create a virtual society in which the youths interact and widen their networks thus sharing social values most of which they transfer to the actual society thus creating a cohesive society as the essay below portrays. The concern shared among most parents about the internet is that the platform has nor effective regulation and therefore exposes the users to unedited content most of which derail morality in the society. Such parents fear that their children would therefore acquir e undesirable behavior pattern from the internet and lose morality. The internet is indeed creates a cosmopolitan society by pooling people from diverse backgrounds together. Additionally, the internet is an unorthodox media that operates on the pull technology. Unlike the traditional media, internet places the power of choice and censure on the hands of the user. The user thus determines the contents to access and those to censure. Such features present challenges particularly with the adolescent a group of hyperactive individuals always willing to experiment especially with their sexuality (Agosto and June 55). Given the nature of the internet and the resources it pools together, the platform may prove detrimental especially to the young population. The internet creates a virtual reality in which the user determines his or her social grouping without the restriction or limitation of space. Young users therefore become exposed to corruptible and unedited content. Additionally, the internet presents the user with millions of users from all over the world. The social media have succeeded in creating a virtual society on the internet. At such, the internet presents the users with myriad of characters who enjoy the beneficial features of the internet such as anonymity and may therefore post whichever content they deem fit without any form of censure. As such, the internet thus becomes the greatest deterrent feature to the creation of cohesive and ethical societies. Despite the valid concerns raised by most parents and opponents of the idea to expose the youth to the internet, the internet still poses the features capable of developing responsive behavior among the youths thus contributing to the creation of cohesive societies. Just as explained earlier, the internet creates virtual societies by drawing participants from all over the world. Additionally, the intensive interaction on the internet has succeeded in turning the world into a global village in which any one anywhere is accessible and communication is therefore real-time. Among the key factors that people exchange over the internet is culture, culture refers to way of life including sets of human behavior, their attire, dietary and religion among others. The internet is the most effective platform on which the users interact and share views on different social views on a global platform. In the different chat rooms, users inform each other of the latest developments in different parts of the world thus increasing the user’s understanding of the world and their societies (Lupa 30). Peace and unity are social and cultural concepts referring to the cohesive societies in different par

Timothy McVeigh Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Timothy McVeigh - Case Study Example As such, this brief analysis will consider the type of evidence that used against McVeigh by the prosecution as well as an enumeration of the converse evidence that the defense sought to use a means of casting doubt into the minds of the jurors with regards to the case. The prosecution relied primarily on a combination of physical and eyewitness testimony from those that either new McVeigh personally or professionally. One of the witnesses that the prosecution called was that of Jennifer McVeigh; Timothy McVeigh’s own sister. Her testimony regarding the letters that McVeigh had sent her concerning his fury and rage over the actions of the United States government and the means by which he ultimately sought to rectify this evil were of primal importance for helping to paint McVeigh’s act as something that was highly premeditated and filled with rage and anger that, in his mind, necessitated revenge. However, Jennifer McVeigh’s testimony was not so clean as one may like to think due to the fact that the defense was able to prove that she had lied under great duress to the FBI in prior statements (Roebuck & Gest 1997). This was proven to be a function of the fact that when they had first interviewed her, they had done so for 8-10 hours per day for 8 days straight; continually threatening her that if she did not comply completely they would charge her with treason or any other number of federal crimes that were ultimately punishable by the death penalty. As such, the way in which this witness was utilized by the prosecution was highly suspect with regards to whether she was telling the truth or a version of the truth that the prosecution felt would be the most useful to the case. However, the most detailed account of McVeigh’s motives and eyewitness testimony to hearing these motives expounded was that of Michael J. Fortier; one of Timothy McVeigh’s old Army friends. Among other information that Michael J. Fortier was able to enga ge the jury and the prosecution with was the fact that McVeigh had told him that McVeigh’s hatred for the government had reached such proportions that he intended to blow up the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building as a means of causing â€Å" a general uprising in America† (Esposito 1998). Conversely, the testimony of the Fortiers, both Michael and his wife, was sought to be discredited by the defense due to the fact that they were known drug users who also could have easily been blackmailed by the government to testify against their former friend based upon the grounds that long prison sentences could have faced them had they chosen to refuse. Furthermore, evidence that was provided by the written and sworn statements of the Fortiers showed that they had repeatedly changed their earlier statements with regards to the key instances of the bomb plot and of their knowledge about its proceedings. With regards to the physical evidence that was presented, the prosecution soug ht to utilize the fact that explosive residue was found on the jeans, t-shirt, and earplugs that McVeigh was wearing at the time of his arrest (Cohen 1998). Further physical evidence was revealed to have shown McVeigh’s fingerprint on a receipt for approximately 1 ton of ammonium nitrate used to make the bomb. Further, VIN numbers from the Ryder truck rented under an alias were found

The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow | Analysis

The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow | Analysis Legend of sleepy hollow is a kind of a short story which was written by Washington Irving. This story is based on a real legend and it reveals how the main character, Ichabod Crane, disappeared. It is such an effective story about the ghost in which Irving makes the audience to guess the truth beyond the matter after its end. The movie portrays the original story of Irving. At the beginning, the movie appears to be so similar to the story, but later changes to a direction different from the original plot. The real story begins in a small sleepy hollow town. It illustrates the good image containing beautiful scenery, bountiful crops together with thriving land owners. Ichabod is seen to be a local pedagogue who served as a teacher of the school house in his local area. Ichabod was recognized as a strict teacher who was quite common to the students families, more so to the families with pretty girls. In most of the fold evenings, he usually spent most of his time with the old windows that used to sit by a fire telling ghost and demon stories together with other supernatural beings. Among these stories, there was one of the legendary Headless Horseman, which was about a soldier shot off his dead by use of a cannon ball. On the horse, the ghost of this soldier redacted all over sleepy Hollow in search for his head. The head had been replaced by a Jack-o-lantern with such a fiery glow. This tale is associated with love story, or in other words, pure greed and lust story. Inchabod is found to be in love with Katrina Van Tassel. This is a girl belonging to the rich prosperous land owner, who was known as Hee Van Tessel. The pursuit of this girl by Ichabod is only for lustful and physical reasons. He is intended to be rich and hence acquire both the estate of Van Tassel and the beauty of Katrina, an aspect that made him pursue her. Unfortunately, he could not easily achieve this as Brom Van Brunt, a guy who was very handsome stood on his way. Brom was recognized for his pranks together with his act of trouble making as he rode his horse Dare Devil. Indeed, he was in love with Katrina and could not give any chance for Ichabod to marry her. On one night, Ichabod was on his way back home after attending a dance at the Van Tessel Estate. He passed through the dark woods crossing the path to his home using his old horse. Here, a headless figure emerged from the dark shadows shocking him. Ichabod ran towards the covered bridge trying to escape. Here, the horse man was expected to get into a fire burst. Unexpectedly, ichabod was flanged by the figure with its pumpkin head. The figure knocked him seriously felling him off his horse such that only remains of smashed pumpkin could be found left on the following day. At this state, Ichabod had disappeared. The story leaves all the readers in suspension reason of what went on. One could wonder, is it that Icabon was smashed into pieces or Brom marry Katrina after the disappearance of his opponent? And if so, was it the reason that made him to laugh every time pumpkin was mentioned? In respect to this, Tim Burton came up with personal vision about this legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy hollow is a movie concerned about a detective, Ichabod Crane, who had a specific vision about solving crimes. Ichabod is sent to Sleepy Hollow which is a small local town. He is sent to give a solution for three people from the town. Arriving on the town, he comes across a girl known as Katrina with whom he falls in love. Brom is jealous of this. Looking at the two stories, they all begin in the same manner. The only difference is that here Ichabon appears as a detective trying to solve a mystery murder composing of three town people who had been cut their heads off and of which could not be found. The original tale of Irving is not included in this story, but highlights all what goes on. Brom is seen to pretend as the cloaked horseman. The story also introduces both witch craft and magic. The horse man is true demon behind these killings which serves under the control of witch. In this story, the greed and lust are different from the original story. They are based true witch and not in the mind of Ichabod, as the Stepmother of Katrina maintains personal reasons regarding revenging on sleepy Hollow town. The plot proves whether the horseman was real or not. The end of the story shows that Witch is killed for the sake of giving Ichabon a chance to win Katrina at the same time proving him as the hero of the story. In long run, Ichabod comes up with the solution. The headless head of horseman is brought back to him in whom he takes it back to hell together with the witch, thus overcoming the evil to prove the true twist of Hollywood. Both stories are similar in that they give the story of someone whose greed and lust ends to destruction. According to the original story, the desire of Ichabod for the estate leads him to follow after the girl, hence angers the local bully. He is destroyed by his greed. He loses both the land and the girl he aimed at. He is described to be such a greedy man capable of doing anything to meet his requirements. He is portrayed as decent man performing his missions well to fight for the rights of the people. In the story, the stepmother of Katrina is presented to be jealous. She is involved in supernatural acts in the aim of capturing all that she desires. Both stories leave us in suspense although Burton answers the questions raised. He has explained more of the ghost and supernatural demon controlled by the stepmother of Katrina. She used the headless horseman to revenge. She revenges not only to the family of Van tassel but also to all who controls the inheritance. Burton applies this line of the story to introduce the theme of greed, taking it away from Ichabod, the main character, qualifying him as the hero. The version of Washington Irving is quite appealing in both stories. He ends up applying suspense to create the imagination. He uses dark descriptions of the horseman and bright images for the town and Katrina. This is to enhance the imaginations of the readers. Despite that the two stories contains a main character that is helpless, the plot line of the movie is totally different from the original story. However, the theme presented in both is the same, that of a teacher. The original story leaves one in suspense wondering all what happened to Ichabod, while the movie leaves the audience wondering whether they can apply science to explain the event. There is a thought created by both in that we are left thinking of how demons and ghosts are possible. In conclusion, both stories end up leaving the reader with questions to answer. On top of having their similarities, they contain different ideas. They are made to be different stories by the difference in their story lines. Case Study: Mental Health Problems Case Study: Mental Health Problems The purpose of this assignment is to select a client with the diagnosis of enduring mental illness and carry out an assessment based on the presenting problem of the chosen patient and the psychosocial intervention during his treatment. From the assessment process, the problem identified will be considered along with patient coping strategy, stress, medication compliance and family intervention. The author will also identify intervention that aim to promote recovery with the patient. Gibbs (1988) Model of Reflection cited in Burns and Bulman (2000) will be utilised to evaluate the care of the patient. To maintain confidentiality and protect anonymity, a pseudonym of John will be given to the patient; this is in compliance to Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008). John is a 40 year old man of Africa Caribbean origin, living independently in the community. John experiences unpleasant and hostile auditory hallucinations mainly describing his actions and his thoughts. This normally happens when he is out of the house, in public places and at shops. He claims that he also hears these voices when alone and inactive at home usually in the evenings and at night. These experiences make him feel angry and frightened. John also experiences that other people can read his mind, this is particularly true of some teenagers in his neighbourhood whom he thinks are out to get him. He receives six hours support from the support workers every week to help maintain his mental health and independence as it is the organisations philosophy to provide this support in order to allow patients to continually work towards an ordinary life. John is diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia because he suffers from stable delusions, usually accompanied by hearing voices and disturbance of perceptions (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV, 1994). The DSM IV, of Mental Health criteria for schizophrenia states that two or more of the above must be present for a significant period of time during one month period for a diagnosis to be made. John was previously admitted onto a psychiatric ward for eight months. Schizophrenia is a common disorder and has a devastating effect on sufferers and their families patients typicall y hear voices in their heads and hold bizarre beliefs. On discharge from the ward, John was offered accommodation where he could live independently with the support he wants in the community. John is the second of three children born from one father. Pregnancy and delivery were normal, and developmental milestones were accomplished on time. History of the patients father is unknown. Johns elder brother is in prison for robbery and the other has had a number of admissions to psychiatric hospital with diagnosis of schizophrenia. During assessment, John was described by his mother as a shy boy and reports never having any close friends and knew primarily the street boys he hung around with. He has had a sexual relationship with a neighbourhood girl in the past but never had a steady girl friend. John reports that he never liked school and dropped out in his early age. He has never worked and lived at home until his first admission into mental health hospital three years ago. His mother who has her own mental health problem (Depression) is his primary source of emotional support and his main carer. His medical history and examination proved him healthy as there was no record to show that he has suffered any serious aliment, however he admitted to poly drug use including alcohol, cannabis and crack cocaine. He currently smokes a pack of twenty cigarettes a day. His general health is good at this moment. Through observation and talking with John, it became apparent that he suffers from anxiety and low mood. Davis et al. (2007) stated that anxiety plays an important role in producing and maintaining dysfunction in schizophrenia but these symptoms are often overlooked or viewed as less important than the positive and negative symptoms. At present, John does not appear to be experiencing any symptoms of schizophrenia although his low mood and anxiety are something he expresses as hurdles he has to battle with on a daily basis. The medication he receives for anxiety and low mood seem not to be eliminating the symptoms he suffers, although the medications are being reviewed to determine the correct therapeutic dose he requires (Lieberman and Tasman, 2006). He lacks motivation and self esteem, and due to his level of anxiety he finds it difficult to enjoy the amenities within his local community. Full assessment to determine Johns mental health needs with specific assessments for his anxiety and low mood, where he can be supported to develop coping strategies which may assist his daily activities and engagement in activities where carried out. Assessment is an ongoing process which allows for all records and interventions to be current and up to date. Following an accurate and comprehensive assessment other elements of the nursing process such as planning, implementation and evaluation can be applied (Callaghan and Waldock, 2006). To carry out Johns care, the author carried out Krawiecka, Goldberg and Vanghu (KGV) assessment and one to one session in partnership with John and his main carer. The KGV Manchester Symptom Scale modified version 6.2 by Stuartand Lancashire (1998) is a global assessment tool that allow nurses to carry out an assessment of the service user to ascertain symptoms severity and incidence, and further to identify further ways forward in care delivery (Barker et al. 2003). By adopting this tool, the author was able to carry through the nursing process and assess to identify a broad overview of Johns needs, which aim to specific specifically clarify his problems, and assist in the nursing intervention aim to promote and enable recovery. Keke and Blashki (2006) state that mental health assessment includes symptoms, characteristics and psychological state as well as psychosocial factors applicable to the patient; consequently, the KGV is seen as an integral part of mental health assessment. This KGV tool is noted to be a global assessment tool that is used to assess an array of mental health problems, including intensity, severity and duration of symptoms within few weeks. It comprises fourteen items; the first six sections aimed at determining depression, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, suicide and elevated mood and are based on a subjective description of their condition over the past few weeks. The other eight sections are based on the behaviour of the patient during assessment. This was fundamentally utilised as a starting point in assessing Johns mental health problems. The author was already aware of the issues relating to anxiety and depression although it was thought that at this point of the assessment, all aspect of Johns mental health needed to be reviewed; hence the use of KGV was an ideal tool to accomplish the task. With this tool, the author was able to recognise what symptoms John was experiencing and identify specific area of need which the author n eed to undertake to clarify the extent of the clients distress and symptoms. The KGV assessment tool does come with some limitation which is time consuming, though this time was spent in forming a therapeutic relationship with the patient, this is something that should be done over a series of interviews, taking in to consideration individuality of the patient and how long he can sustain interest and attention to the questions being asked. Engagement with a patient experiencing psychotic episode can extremely be problematic during assessment, like experiencing disturbances of thought, perception, mood and behaviour (Rigby, 2008). After completing a comprehensive assessment, screening tools were used to evaluate and measure severity of the identified symptoms (Stein, 2002). It was found that John was reporting issues of anxiety and depression; the author therefore decided to utilise the Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI] by Beck (1987), to measure both psychological and cognitive component of anxiety (University of Pennsylvania, 2008), and also used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI -1) Beck (1961) to determine the severity of depression. The BDI-1 and BAI are both self rating scale consisting of 21 items, in which patients rates the existence and severity of their presenting symptoms (Norman and Ryrie, 2005). The patient rates from 0-3, how best describes the way they have been feeling over the past few weeks and later summ ed up between 0-63. The author decided to use these scales on John to identify the severity of his anxiety and depression and was completed by him; it aims at promoting him as partner in his own care (NMC, 2008). It was also felt that both tools would enable the author to discuss problematic areas of Johns life rather than just engage in general conservation and additionally giving scope for appropriate intervention (Barker, 2003). Going through these assessment tools after the appropriate time scale will give him and the whole nursing team a report of the progress that has been achieved or any changes that can be worked on. The outcome of the screening tools used shows an indication of moderate anxiety and depression. During time spent with John, it was believed that his immediate needs in connection with these concerns were being met by the involvement of the staff and the support he receives from his mother (carer). Negative attitude by his carer about Johns diagnosis may be linked to lack of knowledge, skill or judgement (Duffin, 2003). This was not an issue for the staff providing him with professional support as all performed to a high standard offering him empowerment and informed choice, ensuring best practice in care delivery in Johns life (Department of Health, 2006). Psychosis has an enormous impact on the sufferers family and carers particularly in the first episode (Reed, 2008). Families are often distressed, confused, anxious and fearful of the patients behaviour, and what the future may hold for them as a family. The authors observation is that John was distressed and stigmatised by his family, their members presentation and behaviour and other peoples judgement about him and the family as a whole. The physical and emotional burden of care always falls on the family which may adds stress and anxiety, and attempt to come to terms with their own feelings of mental illness (Patterson et al, 2005). Families may often tackle the guilt for not recognising their beloved family members symptoms and distress earlier, while also recognising that the illness itself might procure financial burdens to the entire family. They also feel the burden of stigma of mental illness to deal with and Patterson (2005) hypothesises that families often perceive the patient as displaying odd behaviours deliberately and therefore become less empathetic, and feel that they have less control over the situation. The Department of Health (1999) recognised the importance of caring for carers and the National Strategy aimed to support people who chose to be carers, and the National Service Framework (NSF) for mental health reported levels of services to involve service users and their carers in planning and delivery of care. By considering this patient in his own terms during the care planning process, he came to terms with his psychotic experience by promising to accept his medications and keeping to appointments with the professionals, began to understand it and acknowledge ways of coping with it. This is in line with evidence based practice which sees the patient as central to all care packages with individualise care plans and multidisciplinary teamwork at the heart of care delivery (DoH, 1999 and NICE, 2002). The National Institute of Clinical Excellent (NICE, 2002) further emphasise the need for family intervention to be available to the families of patients diagnosed as being schizophre nic. Norman and Ryrie (2005) recognise families as a valuable resource for individuals that have symptoms; however if the family reacts to symptoms by being critical or by doing too much for the patient, this can equally have a negative effect on the individual. Education regarding his illness and medication was given to both John and his carer. This was undertaken in his home in an interactive, question and answer format and took several days to complete. Updates and recaps of information were given at regular intervals and they were encouraged to introduce difficulties, questions and queries as they arose. It was an interactive session as it enabled John to give consent for treatment and he contributed his own version. Educating the families / carers of a schizophrenic patient is aimed to lower the expectation of patients and may reduce the presenting symptoms. Leff (1994) and McDonagh (2005) note that one of the main contributions of stress in psychological disorder is expressed emotion from families. Having a mental illness may place limitations on patients lives; in any case, it is the negative attitudes of the other people that may help disable people with mental illness and not the mental illness itself (Seggie, 2007). The expressed emotion from formal carers such as the support workers and nurses can equally have an effect on patient as high and low expressed emotion can be present in the relationship between the nursing staff and patients resulting in possible negative effects on patients outcome (Tattan and Tainer, 2000). Expressed emotion is the critical, hostile and emotionally over involved attitude that carers have towards patients. The carer may influence the outcome of the diagnosis t hrough negative comments and nonverbal actions. This negative attitude from carers does not always help the patient to improve the state of his health. Carers with high expressed emotion are said to cause stress in psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. The stress from negative criticism and pity becomes a burden on the person with a disorder, and may relapse. Expressed emotion may be a direct factor in the relapse of a patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (Leff and Vaughn, 1985). Patients are more likely to relapse when there is high expressed emotion present in their living environment as was noted with John (Lopez et al. 1985). When the patient can no longer live with this kind of stress from pity, s/he may fall back into his/her illness using drugs as a way of coping. The stress from the remarks, attitudes and behaviour of the carer maybe over-whelming, because she may feel that she is the cause of the problems. The patient may fall into bad habits and forms a circle of relapse and rehabilitation. One way to escape this circle of behaviour is for the carer to be involved in behaviour family therapy together with the patient it aims to improve the health of the family with less stress and aggravation. The carer is able to learn to accept that John has an illness and may need her help to improve and remain stable hence family therapy. Educating the carer and patient about mental illness is one way that expressed emotion can become lower and no longer be an issue (McDonagh, 2005). When considering family interventions in the care of John, it was important that this includes many others relevant in his life (Berke et al., 2002). A multidisciplinary meeting of all those involved in Johns care was called, aimed at educating them that crisis can be a turning point and the start of something new. Information about the devastating cause of mental illness can take, and exacerbations of symptoms and remissions to patients and carers were given to them. All aimed at stabilising the familys environment by increasing knowledge, coping skills, and the level of support for the carer and John. Most of the therapeutic interventions offered to Johns carer involved communication training, problem solving skills, and education. The style of therapy emphasises the positive aspects of the familys coping style and avoids judgemental or blaming remarks. The aim is for collaboration between the carer and the nursing team over goals for change and a greater emphasis on the needs of John. However, Fadden (1998) criticised the narrow focus on relapse prevention at the expense of addressing the carer is widen needs. There have also been strong criticisms noted about family intervention based on beliefs that it blames families for schizophrenia, thus some family therapists have moved away from a position of trying to reduce expressed emotion by offering a message that stress exacerbates psychosis rather than causes it (Harris et al, 2002). There is contradiction that teaching family that reducing criticism lessens the chance of relapse, yet educating families that schizophrenia is an illness not caused by the family. Family intervention has been noted to improve a number of aspects of this patients social well being such as taking part in activities. John believes that voices from people who were walking closely were planning an imminent attack against him. By getting angry and shouting back at them, he believes that he had prevented a potential attack. In this case, dis traction was unlikely to be successful unless this belief is challenged in a calm and friendly way. John and the author agreed to put this belief to a test and he was later convinced that this was part of his illness. John was told to remove his mind from that thinking and belief that people were talking about him. One of Johns main obstacles in life is lack of motivation; he quiet understands that his mood would lift if he spent more time doing activities to occupy his mind. However, he finds it difficult to motivate himself into taking any form of activity but he had accepted going to his carer (mother) most weekends and to pay regular visit to the communal centre. These will enable him to think less about his delusions. According to Hogston and Simpson (2002) reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to better describe, analyse and evaluate, and so inform learning about practice. Wolverson (2000) includes that this is an important process for all nurses wishing to improve their practice. This will be investigated using the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. On reflection on the care and interventions that John received, a person centred approach appears to be fore-most. He was at the centre of his care, his personal feelings, beliefs and values were appreciated and he was able to exercise informed choices throughout (Callaghan and Waldock, 2006). Engaging John in discussion about his illness and care, and how it is best dealt with was highly appreciated by him; and this was highly regarded by him and his carer, and it leads to improved ability to cope, improved compliance and better outcomes (Kemp et al., 1996). Relaxation techniques were taught to John as a coping strategy for his anxiety; however, although relaxation can be effective, Frisch and Frisch (1998) recognise that relaxation alone is not beneficial therefore it should be used as complimentary intervention with other therapy. Kirby et. al. (2004) acknowledge that mixed skills of staff is important, this works in conjunction with the Essence of Care Document (Department of Health, 2006) which states that training programmes and materials should be accessible and used for patients. John was supported by staff with a combination of experience and knowledge with training on Family interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is a short term, problem solving based psychological treatment aimed at finding solutions to problems in every day life (Forsythe, 2008). Standard two of the National Service Framework for Mental Health (1999) specifies that clients should have their mental health needs assessed and be offered effective treatment if they require it. It is hoped that John will benefit from CBT in the future along with continuation of family intervention. Throughout the care of my chosen patient, the relationship between the author, the patient and the carer was crucial and recognised as an aspect of service effectiveness (DoH, 2001a) and that active collaboration with the family is a requirement rather than an optional extra whilst delivering care to people with enduring mental health problems. John and carer were happy with the sort of help, support and service the author gave to them when they really needed it most. Reference Barker, P. (2003) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. London: Hodder Arnold Beck, A.T. (1961) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-1). Beck, A.T. (1987) Beck Anxiety Inventory. (BAI). Berke, J.H., Fagan, M., Mak-Pearce, G. and Pierides-Muller, S. (2002) Beyond Madness: Psychosocial Interventions in Psychosis. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Burns, S. and Bulman, C. (2000) Reflective Practice in Nursing: The growth of the Professional Practitioner. 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell Science Callaghan, P and Waldock, H. (2006) Oxford Handbook of Mental Health Nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davis, L.W., Strasburger, A.M. and Brown, L.F. (2007) Mindfulness: An Intervention for Anxiety in Schizophrenia, Journal of Psychological Nursing Mental Health Services, 45(11), pp. 23-30 Department of Health (1999) National Service Framework for Mental Health, Modern Standards and Service Models, Executive Summary. London: DoH Department of Health (2006) Essence of Care: Benchmarks for Promoting Health. London: The Office of Public Sector Information. London: DoH DSM-IV (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Duffin, C. (2003) Fair game? Nursing Standard, 17(39), pp.12-13 Fadden, G. (1998) Family Intervention in Psychosis. Journal of Mental Health. 7(2), pp115-122 Forsyth, A. (2008) Implementing Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Skills in adult acute inpatient settings. Mental Health Practice. 11. 5. pp. 24-27 Frisch, N.C. and Frisch, L.E. (1998) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, New York: Delmar Publishers Harris, N., Williams, S. and Bradshaw, T. (2002) Psychosocial Interventions for People with Schizophrenia: A Practical Guide for Mental Health Workers. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan Hogston, R. and Simpson, P. (2002). Foundations in Nursing Practice. 2nd Ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Kemp, R., Hayward, P., Applewhaite, G., Everitt, B. and David, A. (1996) Compliance Therapy in Psychotic Patients: a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 312, pp.345-349 Leff, J. and Vaughu, C. (1985) Expressed Emotion in Families. New York: The Guide for Press Leff, J. (1994) Working with Families of schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry. 164. pp.71-76 Lopez, S.R., Hipke, K.N., Polo, A.J., Jenkins, J.H., Karno, M., Vaughn, C. and Snyder, K.S. (2004) Ethnicity, Expressed Emotion, Attributions and course of Schizophrenia: Family warmth matters. Journal of Abnormal Psychiatry. 113. pp. 428-439 Keke, N. and Blashki (2006) The acutely psychotic patient: assessment and initial management. Australian Family Physician. 35(3) pp.90-94 Kirby, S.D., Hart, D.A., Cross, D. and Mitchell, G. (2004) Mental Health Nursing: Competencies for Practice. London: Plgrave MacMillan Lancashire, S. (1998) Manchester Symptom Scale, modified version 6.2. McDonagh, L.A. (2005) Expressed Emotion as a participant of relapse in psychosocial disorders. Available at www.personalityresearch.org/papers/mcdonagh.html Accessed on [28 Nov, 2009] National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2002) Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. London: NICE Normal, I. and Ryrie, L. (2005) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing. A Textbook of Principles and Practice. Berkshire: Open University Press Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethic. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council Patterson, P., Birchwood, M. and Cochrane, R. (2005) Expressed Emotion as an adaptation to loss. British Medical Journal. 318. p. 149-153 Reed, S.I. (2008) First episode psychosis: A Literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 17. pp. 85-91 Rigby, P.A. and Alexander, J. (2008) Understanding Schizophrenia. Nursing Standard. 22 (28) pp. 49-56 Seggie, A. (2007) Isolated by Ignorance. Nursing Standard. 21. p. 29 Stein, D.J. (2002) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, The Lancet, 360(9330), pp. 397-405 Tattan, T. and Tattier, N. (2000) The Expressed Emotion of Case Managers of the Seriously Mentally ill Clients in the Community, their doctors and their case managers. Journal of Mental Health. 7(6) pp.621-629 Wolverson, M. (2000) On Reflection. Professional Practice. 3(2) pp.31-34Â ­

Human Resource Officers and Managers

Human Resource Officers and Managers play a special role in a company or establishment whether it is a school, bank, factory or a firm. They are the ones who screen the aspiring employees of the company. The Human resource officers are the judges in the company whether an applicant has the qualities fitted for the vacancies in their companies. Nowadays, according to the article I have read, there are many changes that happen in the positions of the employees, their roles and their functions in the group.It noted that the changes undergone by the HR officers are not as grand as the other positions of the company. The changes that have gone with the HR officers may not be that big, but the article stated that the company or corporation, no matter how big or small it is must have at least an HR officer in order to have better communications with their heads regarding business matters. I think HR officers are designed to be the bridge of the heads to its subordinates. The HR officers mus t have the qualities like expertise in the communication strategies, managerial skills and the like.HR Managers are now involved in the planning of the organization, setting marketing preferences and also for conducting leadership trainings and programs that will enhance its members and employers to the fullest regarding their works in the industry. There has been a problem to the increasing cost rate of the benefits for employers. Years after years, the benefits that the employers are receiving are getting more expensive, such as for health services and the like. In the present times, the HR Managers must act on it in order to preserve the budgets and assets of the companies they are in.Since employers already know that there are benefits while they are working, it is wrong to cut or halt the benefits they are receiving. Moreover, they might organize a union that could harm the existence of the company. Therefore, there should be ways in order to prevent such things to happen. Also , it is the duty of the HR Managers to help in the brainstorming of the ways to minimize the harm or should we say remove the harm for the company by the increasing benefits that the employers receive.From the article â€Å"The Chief Human Resource Officer†, it can be said that the demand for high quality human resource officers are really needed. The existence of these kinds of people will contribute to the increasing innovations of the companies in the world and might as well lead the company to new working skills that are essential in the workplace. Another article I have reviewed was from â€Å"America’s Retirement: Voice† says that there really is an increase of the benefits that employers received such that of the health insurance benefits which is 8.6% and the pension plans that are occupying the 4. 6% of the total compensations cost. Thus, the benefits mentioned are only for government employers. It said that the two major benefits received by retiring e mployers already exceeded other benefits that other employers receive such as with the paid sick and vacation leaves, and the other insurances issued for those employers who are not retiring. On the other hand, the private sector’s employers receive more benefits in their health insurances that comprise the 5.9% of their payments and the other one is the Social security contributions that in turn get the 4. 9% of the total compensations. Since these benefits are really high, this is now, according to the article, local government officials tend to observe and give focus on it. I can see that the rise for the benefits for the employees happen because the old workers give higher quality product than the work and product of the younger ones. I remember one of my professor’s sayings that â€Å"Quality is measured by age† which may be true in this aspect.Older people might have gotten so many experiences that they already developed the skills that make them assets of the company. Moreover, the older workers only had the capacity to be of good quality since they have been in the company for years and they experience working in the company with or without the innovations. They are more flexible than the younger ones, so the company will of course give them high recognition and importance. The report says that there was a plan of the private sector employers to control the benefits that the retirees are receiving.Their target year was 2003. They already modified their DB (Defined Benefit) plans in order to cater their employers still the benefits they deserve however in a controlled manner. In figure 5 of the report, the graph shows the decline of the DB plans, which is really big. It was a big decrease of the given benefits and they already achieved something out of their planned controlling of the benefits. I think employees are given the privilege to have check – ups once or twice a year in order to detect whether or not they are still f it for the job.Many are already provided health care opportunities and insurances to avoid much leaves and incapacity for the work. Also, the health care insurances might give the option for the employers and employees to avail of the different supplemental foods that could help strengthen the employers. Indeed, HR managers are assets to a company. Even though from one report, I have read that quality HR members are not that easy to be found, and is a problem of some small businesses, it is really needed to have an HR manager with a star quality.I think one way of managing the rising costs of the benefits employers receive is to select a highly recommended HR Manager who can facilitate the dealings of the problem. An HR manager that will give good strategies to solve the problem is in demand with this kind of situation. References Gaylen N. Chandler. Human Resource Management, TQM, and Firm Performance in Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 25, 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2007 from http://www. questia. com/googleScholar. qst;jsessionid=HdHXPtqRjpHmJQTb6Qy0HHS1MV14B3nmgqh2dqZ4v7FY26fb8xKP! -1609856024?docId=5002378696 The Chief Human Resource Officer. Retrieved 9 December 2007 from http://www. heidrick. com/NR/rdonlyres/91911795-CDC1-4DDD-A820 A6C88D9058BF/0/HS_TheCHRO. pdf Public Sector Retirement. Retrieved 10 December 2007 from https://www. nrsservicecenter. com/content/media/retail/pdfs/REI_report. pdf – Measuring and Benchmarking Benefits. 2004. Retrieved 10 December 2007 from http://www. google. com/url? sa=t&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. iqpc. co. uk%2Fbinary-data%2FIQPC_CONFEVENT%2Fpdf_file%2F4019. pdf&ei=aBldR-2BMYGQgAOk-oC8DA&usg=AFQjCNHX2AxRSau5d9qDHYrSJ1UcaZJW1w&sig2=6a7qJMFG4gHhw4oArdRL4Q

Market Positioning of New Product

What is Marketing : The word Marketing in narrow sense is used as the sum up of selling process. Now a days marketing is considered as managing profitable customer relationships. Hence, we define marketing as the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. Here the figure 1. 1 presents a simple five step model of the marketing process. In the first four steps companies work to understand consumers, create customer value and build strong customer relationships. In the final step companies reach the reward of creating superior customer value. By creating value for customers , they in turn capture value from customers in the form of sales, profits, and long term customer equity. In the face of today’s changing business , to success , this expand model of marketing is very much helpful. All steps of this marketing process is important. As a first step, marketers need to understand customers needs and wants and the market place within which they operate. Once its fully understood , consumers and marketplace, Marketing management design a customer driven marketing strategy. In the next steps, marketers construct a marketing program that actually deliver superior value through building profitable customer relationships by capturing value from customers. Here we will focus on customer driven marketing strategy of launching a product or service. Customer – driven marketing strategy and marketing management orientations that guide marketing strategy: To design a winning marketing strategy , the company must first decide who it will serve. It does this by dividing the market into segments of customers(market segmentation) and selecting which segments it will cultivate(target marketing). Next , the company must decide how it will serve targeted customers(how it will differentiate and position itself in the marketplace). Marketing management wants to design strategies that will build profitable relationships with target consumers. There are five alternative concepts under which organizations design and carry out their marketing strategies. These are :- *Production concept: *Product concept *Selling concept *Marketing concept *Social marketing concept roduction concept The philosophy that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable, and that management should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency product concept: The idea that C'l will favor products that offer the most quality, performance and features, and that the organisation should therefore, devote its energy to making continuous produce improve merits selling concept: The idea that consumers†¢ will not buy enough of the organisation's products unless the organisation undertakes large-scale selling and promotion effort arketing concept The marketing management philosophy†¢ which holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants qf target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors do. societal marketing concept: The idea that the organization should determine the need, want and interests of target markets and deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a ay that maintains or improves the consumer's and society's well-being. There is no hard and fast rule to strictly follow any particular concept. These concept are followed by different companies as their convenience as their business mission. This may vary for different companies beside some companies may follow the combination of these orientation. Marketing mix The set of controllabletactic-id marketing tools- product, price, place and promotion – that tlivfirm blends to producethe response it wants in che target market ‘functional chewing and bubble gums' [pic] Product Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want. It includes physical objects, persons organizations and ideas, price. The amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service. place. All the company activities make the product or service available to target customers. promotion Activities that communicate the product or service and its ‘merits to target customers a persuade them to buy. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis section draws from the market audit. It is a brief list of the critical success factors in the market, and rates strengths and weaknesses against the competition. The SWOT analysis should include costs and other non marketing variables. The outstanding opportunities and threats should he given. If plans depend upon assumptions about the market, the economy or the competition. SWOT analysis draws the critical strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) from the strategic audit. The audit contains a wealth of data of differing importance and reliability. SWOT analysis distils these data to show the critical items from the internal and external audit. The number of items is small for forceful communications, and they show where a business should focus its attention. The STP Process The growing use of the STP process has occurred as a direct result of the prevalence of mature markets, the greater diversity in customer needs, and the ability to reach specialized or niche segments. As such marketers are increasingly segmenting markets and identifying attractive segments (i. e. who to focus on and why? ), in order to identify new product opportunities, develop suitable positioning and communications strategies (i. e. what message to communicate), and effectively allocate resources to key marketing activities (i. e. how much should we spend and where? ). Organizations will often commission segmentation research when they want to re-scope their marketing strategy, investigate a declining brand, launch a new product, or restructure their pricing policy. Organizations operating in highly dynamic environments seek to conduct segmentation research at regular intervals, to keep in touch with changes in the marketplace. STP refers to the three activities segmentation, targeting, and positioning Key benefits of the STP process include: †¢ Enhancing a company’s competitive position by providing direction and focus for marketing strategies such as targeted advertising, new product development, and brand differentiation. For example, Coca-Cola identified through market research that its Diet Coke brand (also marketed as Coca-Cola Lite) was egarded as ‘girly’ and ‘feminine’ by male consumers. As a direct result the company developed a new product, branded Coke Zero, which is targeted at the health-conscious male segment of the soft drinks market. †¢ Examining and identifying growth opportunities in the market through the identification of new customers, growth segments, or new product uses. For examp le Arm & Hammer was able to attract new customers when existing consumers identified new uses for their baking soda (Christensen, Cook, and Hall, 2005). Lucozade also changed the positioning and targeting from its original marketing strategy positioned for sick children and rebranded to target athletes as an energy drink. †¢ More effective and efficient matching of company resources to targeted market segments promises the greatest return on marketing investment (ROMI). For example, financial institutions like HSBC and Barclays and large retailing multinationals such as Tesco and ASDA Wal-Mart are utilizing data-informed segmentation strategies to effectively target direct marketing messages and rewards to customers they have classified as offering long-term value to the company, i. . they are profitable customers. Market Create values for customers and build customer relationship An expanded model of the marketing process Marketing Strategy Target consumers are at the centre of the marketing strategy. The company identifies the total market, divides it into smaller segments, selects the most promising segments and focuses on se rving them. It designs a marketing mix using mechanisms under its control: product, price, place and promotion. The company engages in marketing analysis, planning, implementation and control to find the best marketing mix and to take action. The company uses these activities to enable it to watch and adapt to the marketing environment. We will now look briefly at e;ieh factor in the marketing process and say where it is developed elsewhere in this book. The Concept of Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the division of a market into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions. Market segmentation was first defined as ‘a condition of growth when core markets have already been developed on a generalised basis to the point where additional promotional expenditures are yielding diminishing returns’ (Smith, 1956). There is now widespread agreement that they form an important foundation for successful marketing strategies and activities (Wind, 1978; Hooley and Saunders, 1993). The purpose of market segmentation is to leverage scarce resources; in other words, to ensure that the elements of the marketing mix, price, distribution, products and promotion, are designed to meet particular needs of different customer groups. Since companies have finite resources it is not possible to produce all possible products for all the people, all of the time. The best that can be aimed for is to provide selected offerings for selected groups of people, most of the time. This process allows organizations to focus on specific customers’ needs, in the most efficient and effective way. As Beane and Ennis (1987) eloquently commented, ‘a company with limited resources needs to pick only the best opportunities to pursue’. The market segmentation concept is related to product differentiation. If you aim at different market segments, you might adapt different variations of your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adapt different versions of your offering, this may appeal to different market segments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likely to be copied and so either approach will do. Market consists of buyers and buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants ,resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Through market segmentation , companies divide large, heterogeneous markets into smaller segments that can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products services that match their unique needs. In this section we discuss four important segmentation topics: segmenting consumer markets, segmenting business markets, segmenting international markets, and requirements for effective segmentation. Segmenting Consumer Markets There is no single way to segment a market. A marketer has to try different segmentation variables, alone and in combination, to find the best way to view the market structures. Table 7. 1 outlines the major variables that might be used in segmenting consumer markets. Here we look at the major geographic , demographic, psychographic, and behavioral variables. Geographic | | | |World region or country North America, West Europe, Middle east, Pacific rim, China, India, Canada | |Country region Pacific, Mountain, West north central, West south central, East north central, | |East south central, South atlantic, Middle atlantic, New England. | | |City or metro size Under 5000;5000-20000;20000-50000;50000-100000;100000-250000; | |250000-5000000;500000-1000000 | |Destiny Urban, suburban, rural | |Climate Northern, southern | |Demographic | |Age Under 6;6-11;12-19;20-34;35-49;50-64;65+ |Gender male, female | |Family size 1-2;3-4;5+ | |Family life cycle Young, single, Young married, no children, Young married with children, | |Older, married with children, older married no children | | | |Income Under10000;10000-20000;20000-30000;30000-50000;50000-100000 | |Occupation Professional and technical;managers;officials;proprietors;clerical;sales; | |Crafts people; supervisors;operatives | |Education Grade school or less;some high school;high school graduate;some college | |Race Asian;Hispanic;black;white | |Generation Baby boomer. Generation x, generation y | |Religion catholic, protestant, jewish, muslim, hindu, other | |Nationality North American, South American, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese | |Psychographic | |Social class Lower lowers, upper lowers, working class, middle class, upper middles | |, upper uppers | | | |Life style Achievers, strivers, survivors | |Personality Compulsive, gregarious, authoritarian, ambitious | |Behavioral |Occasions Regular occasion, Special occasion | |Benefits Quality, service, economy, convenience, speed | |User status Nonuser, ex-user, potential user, first time user, regular user | |User rates Light user, medium, user, heavy user | |Loyalty status None, medium, strong, absolute | |Readiness stage Unaware, aware, informed, interested, desirous | |Attitude toward product Enthusiastic, positive, indifferent, negative, hostile | Segmenting Business Markets Consumer and business marketers use many of the same variables to segment their markets. Business bu yers can be segmented geographically, demographically, or by benefit sought, user status, user rate and loyalty status. Yet business marketers also use some additional variables, such as customer operating characteristics, purchasing approaches , situational factors and personal characteristic. By going after segments instead of the whole market, companies can deliver the just the right value proposition to each segment served and capture more value in return. Requirements for Effective Segmentation: Clearly, there are many ways to segment a market, but not all segmentations are effective. For example, buyers of table salt could be divided into blond and brunette customers. Target Markets The second important part of the STP process is to determine which, if any, of the segments uncovered should be targeted and made the focus of a comprehensive marketing programme. Ultimately, managerial discretion and judgement determines which markets are selected and exploited and which others are ignored. Kotler (1984) suggested that in order for market segmentation to be effective, all segments must be: †¢ Distinct—is each segment clearly different from other segments? If so, different marketing mixes, to use the traditional approach to marketing, will be necessary. †¢ Accessible—can buyers be reached through appropriate promotional programmes and distribution channels? †¢ Measurable—is the segment easy to identify and measure? †¢ Profitable—is the segment sufficiently large to provide a stream of constant future revenues and profits? This approach to the evaluation of market segments is often referred to by the DAMP acronym, making it easier to remember. Another approach to evaluating market segments uses a rating approach for different segment attractiveness factors, such as market growth, segment profitability, segment size, competitive intensity within the segment, and the cyclical nature of the industry (e. g. whether or not the business is seasonal, e. g. retailing, or dependent on government political cycles as some large-scale defence contracts are). Each of these segment attractiveness factors is rated on a scale of 0–10 and loosely categorized in the high, medium, or low columns, based on either set criteria, or subjective criteria, dependent on the availability of market and customer data and the approach adopted by the managers undertaking the segmentation programme. [pic] ? Six steps in market segmentation, targeting and positioning Differentiation & Positioning Strategies Marketers can follow several positioning . strategies. These strategies use associations to change consumers' perception of products. Product attrilmtes position many technical products. The positioning of Ericssons EH237 mobile phone is its Low weight and number $ features, while much of BMW's advertising promotes individual technical items- like fresh air filters. In the exclusive watch market Breitling. Baume & Mercier and Audemars Piguet's positioning are on their mechanical movements. Some of their designs leave the mechanisms exposed and one ad argues ‘Since 1735 there has never been a quartz Rlanepain. And there never will be. ‘ The benefits they offer or the needs they fill position many products – Crest toothpaste reduces cavities. Aim tastes good and Macleans Sensitive relieves the pain of sensitive teeth. In the confectionery industry, Italian Gaci and Ferrero Rocher are gifts, while Mars and Snickers bars satisfy hunger. Huhtamaki is Finland's largest industrial company but LEAF, its confectionery division, is only ten in size worldwide. It developed competitive advantage Marketing Services to remain flexible has also led to firms hiring services that provide use without ownership. Finally, an increasing number of firms are keen to focus on their core competences. They are beginning to contract out non-core activities, such as warehousing and transportation, thus stimulating the growth of specialist business service organizations. All these developments have, in turn, led to a growing interest in the special problems of marketing services. Brand Positioning: Marketers need to position their brands clearly in target customers minds. They can position brands at any of three levels. Branding poses challenging decision. *Sample of marketing strategy of stock market consulting firm Finance Hauler Lead life less tension Our company is an service providing company. The goal of our company is to provide service , provide information about stock market in exchange of a particular fee. Ours is an unique company, so far. We are targeting specific segments in the consumers and business markets, taking the opportunity of current situation of stock market. The primary objective is to serve in Rajshahi, shaheb bazaar, then it will be scattered in the whole country, where broker houses stands. In business there is a chance of loss and also profit, we will try to make profit from the first year. Question may arise why this type of consultancy firm? The answer is the present condition of stock market. The main reason behind this is lack of proper knowledge about stock market. Investors doesnt know where to invest and when to invest. Our duty is to make him clear. As Bangladesh is a capital deficiency country, so the capital we have need to invest properly. As we are the student of Finance & Banking , our duty is to analyze the stock market, that’s why we have planned to open such type of firm. At present some brokerage house & ICB some provide information to their investors un officially. These informations are not so profitable. But there is no specialized firm who provide proper information about stock market, that’s why we intended to open such a consulting firm. By describing the targeted segments in detail, it can be said that our firm will satisfy the customers need, want, and their demand , as we have planned to scatter it in the every city of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a capital defficiency country. As peoples save less consumption more , so we need to invest the savings into right sector, We will provide information to invest in the profitable sector. So at a time the economy of Bangladesh will be increased. The standard of living of common people will be raised. The growth and development of our country will be accelerated. As we will open a firm we need specialised employees by recruiting whom we will help them to lead a better life. Features of our service : A product or service need three characteristics 1. Unique 2. Price 3. Availability According to these characteristics our service or product is perfect. Its unique. By our effort and efficiency it will be available in the whole country after a year or two year, As it is a era of globalization , anyone can get our service by using internet or telephone service from anywhere. We will take a minimum fee for registration and membership which will be easy to pay by the clients. Marketing planning aims and objectives Behind the corporate objectives, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lie the â€Å"corporate mission,† which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives. In a sales-oriented organization, the marketing planning function designs incentive pay plans to not only motivate and reward frontline staff fairly but also to align marketing activities with corporate mission. This â€Å"corporate mission† can be thought of as a definition of what the organization is, of what it does: â€Å"Our business is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This definition should not be too narrow, or it will constrict the development of the organization; a too rigorous concentration on the view that â€Å"We are in the business of making meat-scales,† as IBM was during the early 1900s, might have limited its subsequent development into other areas. On the other hand, it should not be too wide or it will become meaningless; â€Å"We want to make a profit† is not too helpful in developing specific plans. Abell suggested that the definition should cover three dimensions: â€Å"customer groups† to be served, â€Å"customer needs† to be served, and â€Å"technologies† to be used. Thus, the definition of IBM's â€Å"corporate mission† in the 1940s might well have been: â€Å"We are in the business of handling accounting information [customer need] for the larger US organizations [customer group] by means of punched cards [technology]. † Perhaps the most important factor in successful marketing is the â€Å"corporate vision. † Surprisingly, it is largely neglected by marketing textbooks, although not by the popular exponents of corporate strategy – indeed, it was perhaps the main theme of the book by Peters and Waterman, in the form of their â€Å"Superordinate Goals. † â€Å"In Search of Excellence† said: â€Å"Nothing drives progress like the imagination. The idea precedes the deed. If the organization in general, and its chief executive in particular, has a strong vision of where its future lies, then there is a good chance that the organization will achieve a strong position in its markets (and attain that future). This will be not least because its strategies will be consistent and will be supported by its staff at all levels. In this context, all of IBM's marketing activities were underpinned by its philosophy of â€Å"customer service,† a vision originally promoted by the charismatic Watson dynasty. The emphasis at this stage is on obtaining a complete and accurate picture. Needs and corresponding features/benefits of Finance Hauler : Targeted segment |Customer need |Corresponding feature | |Professionals |. Time saving and Holiday scheme|. Usually professionals are busy so they need time less consuming scheme and information, | |(consumer market) | |and in holiday they will get informations. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. Students have less money so they need fast moving but less price share information, as | |Students |. Seminar and money saving |they know less they will get free seminar discussion. |(consumer market) |scheme | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. Lazy money investment scheme |. They need to secure their retirement pension money, from which they will get fast profit| |Retired person | |and stable market. |(consumer market) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. Special scheme | | | | |. Women are totally unaware about stock market but they can make a great contribution in | |Women | |country economy by investing their small savings into stock market. We have a special | |(consumer market) | |scheme and care for women. | Competitive review: As our firm is new and unique, so far no competitor in our sector. This type of business is unavailable in our country. At future there may be competitor but now no one. Distribution review : Distribution review needs distribution channels for a product. As our service is unique so there is no better distribution channel. We have to advertise through television , radio , news paper etc. And most importantly through brokerage house. We will distribute handbills and posters. SWOT analysis: Strengths : Our strengths depends on the followings * Innovative service *Security *Pricing Weakness : Weakness are internal elements that may interfere with the company’s ability to achieve its objectives. The weakness of our firm is only the brand awareness. Opportunities : *Increased public demand *Lower technology cost. Threats : *At present no competitor so far but near future there may be competitor then there will rise our threat. Short run objectives : * First we will open our firm in Rajshahi to provide service. *Try to increase member *Profit maximization Long run objectives : *Scatter our services all over the country *Wealth maximization Issues : In relation to the service launch; issue is the ability to establish a well regarded brand name linked to a meaningful positioning. We must invest heavily in marketing to create a memorable and distinctive brand image projecting innovation, quality and value. Marketing Research & Development: In this segment how marketing research will be used to support development, implementation and evaluation of strategies and action programs. As our service on stock market, we mainly focus on capital market, economic conditions, performance of companies’ research & development. Action programs: Action programs should be coordinated with the resources and activities of other services. The first action is to know about the capital market to the people. Then make a positive concept about stock market and how to gain in the market in short run and long run. Budgets: Budgets serve two main purposes: one is to project profitability and another to help managers plan for expenditures ,scheduling and operations related to each action program. In our services We need a flat for our office purchasing furniture, equipments and other elements. Controls: Controls help management assess results after the plan is implemented identify any problems or performance variations and initiate corrective action. We are developing contingency plans to address fast-moving, new technology and new competition. ———————– Build profitable relationships and create customer delight Construct an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value Design a customer-driven marketing strategy Understand the market place and customer needs and wants Customer relationship management: build strong relationships with chosen customers Product and service design: build strong brands Select customers to serve market segmentation and targeting Research customers and the marketplace Pricing: create real value Manage marketing information and customer data Decide on a value proposition: differentiation and positioning Customer relationship management build strong relationships with chosen customers Distribution: manage demand and supply chains Partner relationship management: build strong relationships with marketing partners Promotion: communicate the value proposition ———————– 2